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The triad thesis, antithesis, synthesis is often used to describe the thought of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Hegel never used the term himself. It originated with Johann Fichte. The triad is usually described in the following way: *The thesis is an intellectual proposition. *The antithesis is simply the negation of the thesis, a reaction to the proposition. *The synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis by reconciling their common truths and forming a new thesis, starting the process over. ==History of the idea== Thomas McFarland, in his ''Prolegomena'' to Coleridge's ''Opus Maximum'',〔Samuel Taylor Coleridge: ''Opus Maximum''. Princeton University Press, 2002, p.89〕 identifies Kant's ''Kritik der reinen Vernunft'' (1781) as the genesis of the thesis/antithesis dyad. Kant concretises his ideas into: * Thesis: "The world has a beginning in time, and is limited with regard to space." * Antithesis: "The world has no beginning and no limits in space, but is infinite, in respect to both time and space." Inasmuch as conjectures like these can be said to be resolvable, Fichte's ''Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftaslehre'' (1794) resolved Kant's dyad by synthesis, posing the question thus:〔 * ''Are synthetic judgments a priori possible?'' * * No synthesis is possible without a preceding antithesis. As little as synthesis without antithesis, or synthesis without antithesis, is possible; just as little possible are both without thesis. Fichte employed the triadic idea "thesis-antithesis-synthesis" as a formula for the explanation of change.〔Harry Ritter: ''Dictionary of Concepts in History''. Greenwood Publishing Group (1986), p.114〕 Fichte was the first to use the trilogy of words together, in his ''Grundriss des Eigenthümlichen der Wissenschaftslehre, in Rücksicht auf das theoretische Vermögen'' (1795): "Die jetzt aufgezeigte Handlung ist thetisch, antithetisch und synthetisch zugleich." ''(action here described is simultaneously thetic, antithetic, and synthetic." ) Still according to McFarland, Schelling then, in his ''Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie'' (1795), arranged the terms schematically in pyramidal form. According to Walter Kaufmann, although the triad is often thought to form part of an analysis of historical and philosophical progress called the Hegelian dialectic, the assumption is erroneous: Gustav E. Mueller concurs that Hegel was not a proponent of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, and clarifies what the concept of dialectic might have meant in Hegel's thought. According to Mueller, the attribution of this tripartite dialectic to Hegel is the result of "inept reading" and simplistic translations which do not take into account the genesis of Hegel's terms.〔Mueller 1958, p. 411. "Hegel's greatness is as indisputable as his obscurity. The matter is due to his peculiar terminology and style; they are undoubtedly involved and complicated, and seem excessively abstract. these linguistic troubles, in turn, have given rise to legends which are like perverse and magic spectacles--once you wear them, the text simply vanishes. Theodor Haering's monumental and standard work has for the first time cleared up the linguistic problem. By carefully analyzing every sentence from his early writings, which were published only in this century, he has shown how Hegel's terminology evolved-- though it was complete when he began to publish. Hegel's contemporaries were immediately baffled, because what was clear to him was not clear to his readers, who were not initiated into the genesis of his terms. An example of how a legend can grow on inept reading is this: Translate "Begriff" by "concept," "Vernunft" by "reason" and "Wissenschaft" by "science"--and they are all good dictionary translations--ad you have transformed the great critic of rationalism ''and'' irrationalism into a ridiculous champion of an absurd pan-logistic rationalism and scientism. The most vexing and devastating Hegel legend is that everything is thought in "thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.""〕 Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) adopted and extended the triad, especially in Marx's ''The Poverty of Philosophy'' (1847). Here, in Chapter 2, Marx is obsessed by the word "thesis".〔 (marxists.org: Chapter 2 of "The Poverty of Philosophy", by Karl Marx ) 〕 It can be said to form an important part of the basis for the Marxist theory of history. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thesis, antithesis, synthesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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